Hortatory Exposition

A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.

Reports

Reports are used for many purposes. They are to provide information about natural and non-natural phenomena, to document, to organize and store factual information on a topic, to classify and describe the phenomena about a whole class of things –living and non living, to describe the way things are. Reports can be used in textbooks, encyclopedias, scientific magazines, historical texts, factual reading books, reference books, classroom lesson, environment program, TV documentaries, magazines etc. a report text has its own generic structure. It has two components namely (1) general classification, (2) description.

Gerunds

Gerunds atau verbals atau verbal nouns adalah kata kerja berbentuk ing yang dipakai sebagai kata benda.

A. Bentuk

Gerund dibentuk dari : kata kerja + ing (V1 + ing)

Misalnya: smoking, shoping, hunting dan sebagainya.

Bentuk gerund adalah sama seperti bentuk present participle, dan keduanya merupakan bagian dari kata kerja. Perbedaannya gerund merupakan sejenis kata benda, tetapi present participle adalah semacam kata sifat. Oleh karena itu, meskipun serupa tetapi keduanya sangat berbeda dalam sifatnya.

Gerund mempunyai empat macam bentuk :

Question Tag

Question Tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ada di akhir kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, mungkin kita sering mendengar orang berkata, kamu terlambat, kan?. Nah kata "kan?" di sini disebut dengan question tag dalam bahasa Inggris.

Pada topic ini kita akan membahas tentang:

• Positive Statement
• Negative Statement
• Imperative Statement

Tenses

tense	Affirmative/Negative/Question	Use	Signal Words
Simple Present	A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?	action in the present taking place once, never or several times facts actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule	always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)
Present Progressive	A: He is speaking. N: He is not speaking. Q: Is he speaking?	action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time action arranged for the future	at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Simple Past	A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?	action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another action taking place in the middle of another action

Direct and Indirect Speech

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Prevace

Alhamdulillahi rabbil alamin, the writer express his gratitude tio the God almight that has guided and merced , so that the God could finish her writing in this makalah. Salawat and salam attended to the great prophet Muhammad SAW,

Passive

Passive sentences in the Simple Past - Exercise

Explanation: Passive

Rewrite the given sentences in Passive voice.

Passive Voice

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Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.